Background: | Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830; it was occupied by Germany during World Wars I and II. The country prospered in the past half century as a modern, technologically advanced European state and member of NATO and the EU. Tensions between the Dutch-speaking Flemings of the north and the French-speaking Walloons of the south have led in recent years to constitutional amendments granting these regions formal recognition and autonomy. |
Location: | Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between France and the Netherlands | Geographic coordinates: | 50 50 N, 4 00 E | Map references: | Europe | Area: | total: 30,528 sq km land: 30,278 sq km water: 250 sq km | Area - comparative: | about the size of Maryland | Land boundaries: | total: 1,385 km border countries: France 620 km, Germany 167 km, Luxembourg 148 km, Netherlands 450 km | Coastline: | 66.5 km | Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: geographic coordinates define outer limit continental shelf: median line with neighbors | Climate: | temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy | Terrain: | flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast | Elevation extremes: | lowest point: North Sea 0 m highest point: Signal de Botrange 694 m | Natural resources: | construction materials, silica sand, carbonates | Land use: | arable land: 27.42% permanent crops: 0.69% other: 71.89% note: includes Luxembourg (2005) | Irrigated land: | 400 sq km (2003) | Total renewable water resources: | 20.8 cu km (2005) | Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): | total: 7.44 cu km/yr (13%/85%/1%) per capita: 714 cu m/yr (1998) | Natural hazards: | flooding is a threat along rivers and in areas of reclaimed coastal land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes | Environment - current issues: | the environment is exposed to intense pressures from human activities: urbanization, dense transportation network, industry, extensive animal breeding and crop cultivation; air and water pollution also have repercussions for neighboring countries; uncertainties regarding federal and regional responsibilities (now resolved) had slowed progress in tackling environmental challenges | Environment - international agreements: | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | Geography - note: | crossroads of Western Europe; most West European capitals within 1,000 km of Brussels, the seat of both the European Union and NATO |
Population: | 10,414,336 (July 2009 est.) | Age structure: | 0-14 years: 16.1% (male 857,373/female 822,303) 15-64 years: 66.3% (male 3,480,072/female 3,419,721) 65 years and over: 17.6% (male 760,390/female 1,074,477) (2009 est.) | Median age: | total: 41.7 years male: 40.4 years female: 43 years (2009 est.) | Population growth rate: | 0.094% (2009 est.) | Birth rate: | 10.15 births/1,000 population (2009 est.) | Death rate: | 10.44 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.) | Net migration rate: | 1.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.) | Urbanization: | urban population: 97% of total population (2008) rate of urbanization: 0.3% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.) | Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2009 est.) | Infant mortality rate: | total: 4.44 deaths/1,000 live births male: 4.99 deaths/1,000 live births female: 3.87 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.) | Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 79.22 years male: 76.06 years female: 82.53 years (2009 est.) | Total fertility rate: | 1.65 children born/woman (2009 est.) | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 0.2% (2007 est.) | HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 15,000 (2007 est.) | HIV/AIDS - deaths: | fewer than 100 (2007 est.) | Nationality: | noun: Belgian(s) adjective: Belgian | Ethnic groups: | Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11% | Religions: | Roman Catholic 75%, other (includes Protestant) 25% | Languages: | Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French) | Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99% (2003 est.) | School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): | total: 16 years male: 16 years female: 16 years (2006) | Education expenditures: | 6% of GDP (2004) |
Country name: | conventional long form: Kingdom of Belgium conventional short form: Belgium local long form: Royaume de Belgique/Koninkrijk Belgie local short form: Belgique/Belgie | Government type: | federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy | Capital: | name: Brussels geographic coordinates: 50 50 N, 4 20 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October | Administrative divisions: | 3 regions (French: regions, singular - region; Dutch: gewesten, singular - gewest); Brussels-Capital Region, also known as Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (Dutch), Region de Bruxelles-Capitale (French long form), Bruxelles-Capitale (French short form); Flemish Region (Flanders), also known as Vlaams Gewest (Dutch long form), Vlaanderen (Dutch short form), Region Flamande (French long form), Flandre (French short form); Walloon Region (Wallonia), also known as Region Wallone (French long form), Wallonie (French short form), Waals Gewest (Dutch long form), Wallonie (Dutch short form) note: as a result of the 1993 constitutional revision that furthered devolution into a federal state, there are now three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities | Independence: | 4 October 1830 (a provisional government declared independence from the Netherlands); 21 July 1831 (King LEOPOLD I ascended to the throne) | National holiday: | 21 July (1831) ascension to the Throne of King LEOPOLD I | Constitution: | 7 February 1831; amended many times; revised 14 July 1993 to create a federal state | Legal system: | based on civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations | Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal and compulsory | Executive branch: | chief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); Heir Apparent Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarch head of government: Prime Minister Yves LETERME (since 25 November 2009) cabinet: Council of Ministers are formally appointed by the monarch elections: the monarchy is hereditary and constitutional; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch and then approved by parliament | Legislative branch: | bicameral Parliament consists of a Senate or Senaat in Dutch, Senat in French (71 seats; 40 members are directly elected by popular vote, 31 are indirectly elected; members serve four-year terms) and a Chamber of Deputies or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in Dutch, Chambre des Representants in French (150 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate and Chamber of Deputies - last held 10 June 2007 (next to be held no later than June 2011) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - CDV/N-VA 19.4%, Open VLD 12.4%, MR 12.3%, VB 11.9%, PS 10.2%, SP.A-Spirit 10%, CDH 5.9%, Ecolo 5.8%, Groen! 3.6%, Dedecker List 3.4%, FN 2.3%, other 2.8%; seats by party - CDV 12, MR 11, Open VLD 9, VB 8, PS 7, SP.A 6, CDH 5, Ecolo 5, Groen! 2, LDD 1, FN 1, independents 4; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - CDV/N-VA 18.5%, MR 12.5%, VB 12%, Open VLD 11.8%, PS 10.9%, SP.A-Spirit 10.3%, CDH 6.1%, Ecolo 5.1%, Dedecker List 4%, Groen! 4%, FN 2%, other 2.8%; seats by party - CDV 23, N-VA 7, MR 23, VB 17, Open VLD 18, PS 20, SP.A 14, CDH 10, Ecolo 8, Dedecker List 5, Groen! 4, FN 1 note: as a result of the 1993 constitutional revision that furthered devolution into a federal state, there are now three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; this reality leaves six governments, each with its own legislative assembly | Judicial branch: | Supreme Court of Justice or Hof van Cassatie (in Dutch) or Cour de Cassation (in French) (judges are appointed for life by the government; candidacies have to be submitted by the High Justice Council) | Political parties and leaders: | Flemish parties: Christian Democratic and Flemish or CDV [Marianne THYSSEN]; Dedecker List [Jean-Marie DEDECKER]; Flemish Liberals and Democrats or Open VLD; Groen! [Wouter VAN BESLEN] (formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens); New Flemish Alliance or N-VA [Bart DE WEVER]; Social Liberal Party or SLP [Geert LAMBERT]; note - prior to 19 April 2008, known as Spirit; Social Progressive Alternative or SP.A [Caroline GENNEZ]; Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) or VB [Bruno VALKENIERS] Francophone parties: Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Jean-Michel JAVAUX, Sarah TURINE]; Humanist and Democratic Center or CDH [Joelle MILQUET]; National Front or FN [Daniel HUYGENS]; Reform Movement or MR [Didier REYNDERS]; Socialist Party or PS [Elio DI RUPO]; other minor parties | Political pressure groups and leaders: | Christian, Socialist, and Liberal Trade Unions; Federation of Belgian Industries other: numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; various organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia; various peace groups such as Pax Christi and groups representing immigrants | International organization participation: | ACCT, ADB (nonregional members), AfDB (nonregional members), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WADB (nonregional), WCL, WCO, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC | Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Jan MATTHYSEN chancery: 3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 333-6900 FAX: [1] (202) 333-3079 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Los Angeles, New York | Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Howard W. GUTMAN embassy: 27 Boulevard du Regent [Regentlaan], B-1000 Brussels mailing address: PSC 82, Box 002, APO AE 09710 telephone: [32] (2) 508-2111 FAX: [32] (2) 511-2725 | Flag description: | three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the vertical design was based on the flag of France; the colors are those of the arms of the duchy of Brabant (yellow lion with red claws and tongue on a black field) |
Economy - overview: | This modern, private-enterprise economy has capitalized on its central geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated mainly in the populous Flemish area in the north. With few natural resources, Belgium must import substantial quantities of raw materials and export a large volume of manufactures, making its economy unusually dependent on the state of world markets. Roughly three-quarters of its trade is with other EU countries. Public debt is more than 80% of GDP. On the positive side, the government succeeded in balancing its budget during the 2000-2008 period, and income distribution is relatively equal. Belgium began circulating the euro currency in January 2002. Economic growth and foreign direct investment dropped in 2008. In 2009 Belgium is likely to have negative growth, growing unemployment, and a 3% budget deficit, stemming from the worldwide banking crisis. | GDP (purchasing power parity): | $390.2 billion (2008 est.) $386.3 billion (2007 est.) $376.5 billion (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars | GDP (official exchange rate): | $506.2 billion (2008) | GDP - real growth rate: | 1% (2008 est.) 2.6% (2007 est.) 3% (2006 est.) | GDP - per capita (PPP): | $37,500 (2008 est.) $37,200 (2007 est.) $36,300 (2006 est.) note: data are in 2008 US dollars | GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 0.8% industry: 23.2% services: 76.1% (2008 est.) | Labor force: | 4.99 million (2008) | Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture: 2% industry: 25% services: 73% (2007 est.) | Unemployment rate: | 7% (2008 est.) 7.5% (2007 est.) | Population below poverty line: | 15.2% (2007 est.) | Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 3.4% highest 10%: 28.4% (2000) | Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 28 (2005) 28.7 (1996) | Investment (gross fixed): | 22.7% of GDP (2008 est.) | Budget: | revenues: $239.4 billion expenditures: $245.7 billion (2008 est.) | Public debt: | 89.6% of GDP (2008 est.) 96.2% of GDP (2004 est.) | Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 4.5% (2008 est.) 1.8% (2007 est.) | Central bank discount rate: | 3% (31 December 2008) 5% (31 December 2007) note: this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area | Commercial bank prime lending rate: | 7.03% (31 December 2008) | Stock of money: | NA (31 December 2008) NA (31 December 2007) note: see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 16 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money and quasi money circulating within their own borders | Stock of quasi money: | NA (31 December 2008) NA (31 December 2007) | Stock of domestic credit: | $767.1 billion (31 December 2008) $552 billion (31 December 2007) | Market value of publicly traded shares: | $NA (31 December 2008) $386.4 billion (31 December 2007) $396.2 billion (31 December 2006) | Agriculture - products: | sugar beets, fresh vegetables, fruits, grain, tobacco; beef, veal, pork, milk | Industries: | engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum | Industrial production growth rate: | 2% (2008 est.) | Electricity - production: | 82.17 billion kWh (2007 est.) | Electricity - consumption: | 84.88 billion kWh (2007 est.) | Electricity - exports: | 6.561 billion kWh (2008 est.) | Electricity - imports: | 17.16 billion kWh (2008 est.) | Oil - production: | 11,220 bbl/day (2008 est.) | Oil - consumption: | 716,800 bbl/day (2008 est.) | Oil - exports: | 507,500 bbl/day (2008 est.) | Oil - imports: | 1.076 million bbl/day (2008 est.) | Oil - proved reserves: | 0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.) | Natural gas - production: | 0 cu m (2008 est.) | Natural gas - consumption: | 17.33 billion cu m (2008 est.) | Natural gas - exports: | 0 cu m (2008) | Natural gas - imports: | 17.42 billion cu m (2008 est.) | Natural gas - proved reserves: | 0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.) | Current account balance: | -$12.88 billion (2008 est.) $7.751 billion (2007 est.) | Exports: | $371.5 billion (2008 est.) $323.4 billion (2007 est.) | Exports - commodities: | machinery and equipment, chemicals, finished diamonds, metals and metal products, foodstuffs | Exports - partners: | Germany 19.8%, France 17.4%, Netherlands 12.2%, UK 7.2%, US 4.8%, Italy 4.7% (2008) | Imports: | $387.7 billion (2008 est.) $320.9 billion (2007 est.) | Imports - commodities: | raw materials, machinery and equipment, chemicals, raw diamonds, pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, transportation equipment, oil products | Imports - partners: | Netherlands 19.4%, Germany 17.2%, France 11%, UK 5.7%, US 5.6%, China 4.2% (2008) | Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $15.65 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $16.51 billion (31 December 2007 est.) | Debt - external: | $1.354 trillion (31 December 2008) $1.539 trillion (31 December 2007) | Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: | $821 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $747.5 billion (31 December 2007 est.) | Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: | $661.9 billion (31 December 2008 est.) $593 billion (31 December 2007 est.) | Exchange rates: | euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004) |
Telephones - main lines in use: | 4.457 million (2008) | Telephones - mobile cellular: | 11.822 million (2008) | Telephone system: | general assessment: highly developed, technologically advanced, and completely automated domestic and international telephone and telegraph facilities domestic: nationwide cellular telephone system; extensive cable network; limited microwave radio relay network international: country code - 32; landing point for a number of submarine cables that provide links to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 7 (Intelsat - 3) (2007) | Radio broadcast stations: | AM 7, FM 79, shortwave 1 (1998) | Television broadcast stations: | 25 (plus 10 repeaters) (1997) | Internet country code: | .be | Internet hosts: | 4.367 million (2009) | Internet users: | 7.292 million (2008) |
Airports: | 43 (2009) | Airports - with paved runways: | total: 27 over 3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 9 (2009) | Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 15 (2009) | Heliports: | 1 (2009) | Pipelines: | gas 1,330 km; oil 158 km; refined products 535 km (2008) | Railways: | total: 3,233 km standard gauge: 3,233 km 1.435-m gauge (2,950 km electrified) (2008) | Roadways: | total: 152,256 km paved: 119,079 km (includes 1,763 km of expressways) unpaved: 33,177 km (2006) | Waterways: | 2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use) (2008) | Merchant marine: | total: 79 by type: bulk carrier 20, cargo 9, chemical tanker 1, container 6, liquefied gas 20, passenger 2, petroleum tanker 11, roll on/roll off 10 foreign-owned: 6 (Denmark 4, France 2) registered in other countries: 111 (Bahamas 15, Cyprus 2, France 6, Gibraltar 2, Greece 16, Hong Kong 3, Liberia 4, Luxembourg 7, Malta 15, Mozambique 2, Netherlands 2, Netherlands Antilles 1, Panama 2, Portugal 8, Russia 4, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8, Sierra Leone 1, Singapore 8, Vanuatu 4) (2008) | Ports and terminals: | Antwerp, Gent, Liege, Zeebrugge |
Military branches: | Belgian Armed Forces: Land Operations Command, Naval Operations Command, Air Operations Command (2009) | Military service age and obligation: | 18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription suspended (2008) | Manpower available for military service: | males age 16-49: 2,407,128 females age 16-49: 2,340,039 (2008 est.) | Manpower fit for military service: | males age 16-49: 1,962,409 females age 16-49: 1,905,178 (2009 est.) | Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually: | male: 62,722 female: 59,969 (2009 est.) | Military expenditures: | 1.3% of GDP (2005 est.) |
Disputes - international: | none | Illicit drugs: | growing producer of synthetic drugs and cannabis; transit point for US-bound ecstasy; source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine, heroin, hashish, and marijuana entering Western Europe; despite a strengthening of legislation, the country remains vulnerable to money laundering related to narcotics, automobiles, alcohol, and tobacco; significant domestic consumption of ecstasy |
This page was last updated on 30 December 2009 |
